@article{cornwall_are_2024,
	title = {Are physiological and ecosystem-level tipping points caused by ocean acidification? {A} critical evaluation},
	volume = {15},
	copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {2190-4987},
	shorttitle = {Are physiological and ecosystem-level tipping points caused by ocean acidification?},
	url = {https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/15/671/2024/},
	doi = {10.5194/esd-15-671-2024},
	abstract = {Abstract. Ocean acidification (OA) is predicted to cause profound shifts in many marine ecosystems by impairing the ability of calcareous taxa to calcify and grow and by influencing the physiology of many others. In both calcifying and non-calcifying taxa, ocean acidification could further impair the ability of marine life to regulate internal pH and thus metabolic function and/or behaviour. Identifying tipping points at which these effects will occur for different taxa due to the direct impacts of ocean acidification on organism physiology is difficult because they have not adequately been determined for most taxa nor for ecosystems at higher levels. This is due to the presence of both resistant and sensitive species within most taxa. However, calcifying taxa such as coralline algae, corals, molluscs, and sea urchins appear to be most sensitive to ocean acidification. Conversely, non-calcareous seaweeds, seagrasses, diatoms, cephalopods, and fish tend to be more resistant or even benefit from the direct effects of ocean acidification, though the effects of ocean acidification are more subtle for these taxa. While physiological tipping points of the effects of ocean acidification either do not exist or are not well defined, their direct effects on organism physiology will have flow-on indirect effects. These indirect effects will cause ecological tipping points in the future through changes in competition, herbivory, and predation. Evidence for indirect effects and ecological change is mostly taken from benthic ecosystems in warm temperate–tropical locations in situ that have elevated CO2. Species abundances at these locations indicate a shift away from calcifying taxa and towards non-calcareous taxa at high-CO2 concentrations. For example, lower abundance of corals and coralline algae and higher covers of non-calcareous macroalgae, often turfing species, are often found at elevated CO2. However, there are some locations where only minor changes or no detectable changes occur. Where ecological tipping points do occur, it is usually at locations with naturally elevated mean pCO2 concentrations of 500 µatm or more, which also corresponds to just under that concentration where the direct physiological impacts of ocean acidification are detectable in the most sensitive taxa in laboratory research (coralline algae and corals). Collectively, the available data support the concern that ocean acidification will most likely cause ecological change in the near future in most benthic marine ecosystems, with tipping points in some ecosystems as low as 500 µatm pCO2. However, further research is required to more adequately quantify and model the extent of these impacts in order to accurately project future marine ecosystem tipping points under ocean acidification.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-08-23},
	journal = {Earth System Dynamics},
	author = {Cornwall, Christopher E. and Comeau, Steeve and Harvey, Ben P.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {671--687},
}

Abstract. Ocean acidification (OA) is predicted to cause profound shifts in many marine ecosystems by impairing the ability of calcareous taxa to calcify and grow and by influencing the physiology of many others. In both calcifying and non-calcifying taxa, ocean acidification could further impair the ability of marine life to regulate internal pH and thus metabolic function and/or behaviour. Identifying tipping points at which these effects will occur for different taxa due to the direct impacts of ocean acidification on organism physiology is difficult because they have not adequately been determined for most taxa nor for ecosystems at higher levels. This is due to the presence of both resistant and sensitive species within most taxa. However, calcifying taxa such as coralline algae, corals, molluscs, and sea urchins appear to be most sensitive to ocean acidification. Conversely, non-calcareous seaweeds, seagrasses, diatoms, cephalopods, and fish tend to be more resistant or even benefit from the direct effects of ocean acidification, though the effects of ocean acidification are more subtle for these taxa. While physiological tipping points of the effects of ocean acidification either do not exist or are not well defined, their direct effects on organism physiology will have flow-on indirect effects. These indirect effects will cause ecological tipping points in the future through changes in competition, herbivory, and predation. Evidence for indirect effects and ecological change is mostly taken from benthic ecosystems in warm temperate–tropical locations in situ that have elevated CO2. Species abundances at these locations indicate a shift away from calcifying taxa and towards non-calcareous taxa at high-CO2 concentrations. For example, lower abundance of corals and coralline algae and higher covers of non-calcareous macroalgae, often turfing species, are often found at elevated CO2. However, there are some locations where only minor changes or no detectable changes occur. Where ecological tipping points do occur, it is usually at locations with naturally elevated mean pCO2 concentrations of 500 µatm or more, which also corresponds to just under that concentration where the direct physiological impacts of ocean acidification are detectable in the most sensitive taxa in laboratory research (coralline algae and corals). Collectively, the available data support the concern that ocean acidification will most likely cause ecological change in the near future in most benthic marine ecosystems, with tipping points in some ecosystems as low as 500 µatm pCO2. However, further research is required to more adequately quantify and model the extent of these impacts in order to accurately project future marine ecosystem tipping points under ocean acidification.

@incollection{hemraj_419_2024,
	address = {Oxford},
	title = {4.19 - {Marine} {Heatwaves}: {Impact} on {Physiology}, {Populations}, and {Communities} of {Coastal} {Marine} {Invertebrates}},
	isbn = {978-0-323-91042-2},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323907989000378},
	abstract = {The characteristics of marine heatwaves (MHWs) vary geographically, however, all historical and future models show that, globally, their intensity, duration, and frequency will continue to increase into the future. MHWs expose organisms to temperature anomalies that can cause moderate to very intense thermal stress. Therefore, in some instances MHWs can drive large-scale population impacts that cascade into whole-ecosystem shifts. In this chapter, we explore the physiological impact and responses of marine invertebrates to MHWs. We then go through how physiological impacts translate to population and community effects to understand the cascading consequences of MHWs on marine invertebrates.},
	booktitle = {Treatise on {Estuarine} and {Coastal} {Science} ({Second} {Edition})},
	publisher = {Academic Press},
	author = {Hemraj, Deevesh A. and Minuti, Jay J. and Harvey, Ben P. and Russell, Bayden D.},
	editor = {Baird, Daniel and Elliott, Michael},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	doi = {10.1016/B978-0-323-90798-9.00037-8},
	keywords = {Climate change, Community shift, Genetic diversity, Global warming, Invasive species, Marine heatwave, Mass mortality, Range shift, Resilience, Temperature anomaly, Thermal physiology, Thermal stress, Tropicalization},
	pages = {518--531},
}

The characteristics of marine heatwaves (MHWs) vary geographically, however, all historical and future models show that, globally, their intensity, duration, and frequency will continue to increase into the future. MHWs expose organisms to temperature anomalies that can cause moderate to very intense thermal stress. Therefore, in some instances MHWs can drive large-scale population impacts that cascade into whole-ecosystem shifts. In this chapter, we explore the physiological impact and responses of marine invertebrates to MHWs. We then go through how physiological impacts translate to population and community effects to understand the cascading consequences of MHWs on marine invertebrates.

@article{cornwall_crustose_2023,
	title = {Crustose coralline algae can contribute more than corals to coral reef carbonate production},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2662-4435},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00766-w},
	doi = {10.1038/s43247-023-00766-w},
	abstract = {Understanding the drivers of net coral reef calcium carbonate production is increasingly important as ocean warming, acidification, and other anthropogenic stressors threaten the maintenance of coral reef structures and the services these ecosystems provide. Despite intense research effort on coral reef calcium carbonate production, the inclusion of a key reef forming/accreting calcifying group, the crustose coralline algae, remains challenging both from a theoretical and practical standpoint. While corals are typically the primary reef builders of contemporary reefs, crustose coralline algae can contribute equally. Here, we combine several sets of data with numerical and theoretical modelling to demonstrate that crustose coralline algae carbonate production can match or even exceed the contribution of corals to reef carbonate production. Despite their importance, crustose coralline algae are often inaccurately recorded in benthic surveys or even entirely missing from coral reef carbonate budgets. We outline several recommendations to improve the inclusion of crustose coralline algae into such carbonate budgets under the ongoing climate crisis.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Communications Earth \& Environment},
	author = {Cornwall, Christopher E. and Carlot, Jérémy and Branson, Oscar and Courtney, Travis A. and Harvey, Ben P. and Perry, Chris T. and Andersson, Andreas J. and Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo and Johnson, Maggie D. and Kennedy, Emma and Krieger, Erik C. and Mallela, Jennie and McCoy, Sophie J. and Nugues, Maggy M. and Quinter, Evan and Ross, Claire L. and Ryan, Emma and Saderne, Vincent and Comeau, Steeve},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {105},
}

Understanding the drivers of net coral reef calcium carbonate production is increasingly important as ocean warming, acidification, and other anthropogenic stressors threaten the maintenance of coral reef structures and the services these ecosystems provide. Despite intense research effort on coral reef calcium carbonate production, the inclusion of a key reef forming/accreting calcifying group, the crustose coralline algae, remains challenging both from a theoretical and practical standpoint. While corals are typically the primary reef builders of contemporary reefs, crustose coralline algae can contribute equally. Here, we combine several sets of data with numerical and theoretical modelling to demonstrate that crustose coralline algae carbonate production can match or even exceed the contribution of corals to reef carbonate production. Despite their importance, crustose coralline algae are often inaccurately recorded in benthic surveys or even entirely missing from coral reef carbonate budgets. We outline several recommendations to improve the inclusion of crustose coralline algae into such carbonate budgets under the ongoing climate crisis.

@article{hudson_ocean_2022,
	title = {Ocean acidification increases the impact of typhoons on algal communities},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969722083735},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161269},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Hudson, Callum J. and Agostini, Sylvain and Wada, Shigeki and Hall-Spencer, Jason M. and Connell, Sean D. and Harvey, Ben P.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {161269},
}

@article{reimer_high_2023,
	title = {High abundances of zooxanthellate zoantharians ({Palythoa} and {Zoanthus}) at multiple natural analogues: potential model anthozoans?},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1432-0975},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-023-02381-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s00338-023-02381-9},
	abstract = {Whilst natural analogues for future ocean conditions such as CO2 seeps and enclosed lagoons in coral reef regions have received much recent research attention, most efforts in such locations have focused on the effects of prolonged high CO2 levels on scleractinian corals and fishes. Here, we demonstrate that the three species of zooxanthellate zoantharians, hexacorallian non-calcifying “cousins” of scleractinians, are common across five coral reef natural analogue sites with high CO2 levels in the western Pacific Ocean, in Japan (n = 2), Palau, Papua New Guinea, and New Caledonia (n = 1 each). These current observations support previously reported cases of high Palythoa and Zoanthus abundance and dominance on various impacted coral reefs worldwide. The results demonstrate the need for more research on the ecological roles of zooxanthellate zoantharians in coral reef systems, as well as examining other “understudied” taxa that may become increasingly important in the near future under climate change scenarios. Given their abundance in these sites combined with ease in sampling and non-CITES status, some zoantharian species should make excellent hexacoral models for examining potential resilience or resistance mechanisms of anthozoans to future high pCO2 conditions.},
	journal = {Coral Reefs},
	author = {Reimer, James Davis and Agostini, Sylvain and Golbuu, Yimnang and Harvey, Ben P. and Izumiyama, Michael and Jamodiong, Emmeline A. and Kawai, Erina and Kayanne, Hajime and Kurihara, Haruko and Ravasi, Timothy and Wada, Shigeki and Rodolfo-Metalpa, Riccardo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {707--715},
}

Whilst natural analogues for future ocean conditions such as CO2 seeps and enclosed lagoons in coral reef regions have received much recent research attention, most efforts in such locations have focused on the effects of prolonged high CO2 levels on scleractinian corals and fishes. Here, we demonstrate that the three species of zooxanthellate zoantharians, hexacorallian non-calcifying “cousins” of scleractinians, are common across five coral reef natural analogue sites with high CO2 levels in the western Pacific Ocean, in Japan (n = 2), Palau, Papua New Guinea, and New Caledonia (n = 1 each). These current observations support previously reported cases of high Palythoa and Zoanthus abundance and dominance on various impacted coral reefs worldwide. The results demonstrate the need for more research on the ecological roles of zooxanthellate zoantharians in coral reef systems, as well as examining other “understudied” taxa that may become increasingly important in the near future under climate change scenarios. Given their abundance in these sites combined with ease in sampling and non-CITES status, some zoantharian species should make excellent hexacoral models for examining potential resilience or resistance mechanisms of anthozoans to future high pCO2 conditions.

@article{seto_potential_2023,
	title = {Potential ecosystem regime shift resulting from elevated {CO}$_{\textrm{2}}$ and inhibition of macroalgal recruitment by turf algae},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1874-1738, 1874-1746},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12080-022-00550-0},
	doi = {10.1007/s12080-022-00550-0},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	journal = {Theoretical Ecology},
	author = {Seto, Mayumi and Harvey, Ben P. and Wada, Shigeki and Agostini, Sylvain},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1--12},
}

@article{zhao_ocean_2023,
	title = {Ocean acidification stunts molluscan growth at {CO2} seeps},
	volume = {873},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969723009099},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162293},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2023-02-24},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Zhao, Liqiang and Harvey, Ben P. and Higuchi, Tomihiko and Agostini, Sylvain and Tanaka, Kentaro and Murakami-Sugihara, Naoko and Morgan, Holly and Baker, Phoebe and Hall-Spencer, Jason M. and Shirai, Kotaro},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {162293},
}

@article{cornwall_understanding_2022,
	title = {Understanding coralline algal responses to ocean acidification: {Meta}‐analysis and synthesis},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1354-1013, 1365-2486},
	shorttitle = {Understanding coralline algal responses to ocean acidification},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15899},
	doi = {10.1111/gcb.15899},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-12-21},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Cornwall, Christopher E. and Harvey, Ben P. and Comeau, Steeve and Cornwall, Daniel L. and Hall‐Spencer, Jason M. and Peña, Viviana and Wada, Shigeki and Porzio, Lucia},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {CCA, Rhodoliths, calcification, climate change, coralline algae, maerl, meta-analysis, ocean acidification, pH},
	pages = {362--374},
}

@article{hall-spencer_decreased_2022,
	title = {Decreased diversity and abundance of marine invertebrates at {CO}$_{\textrm{2}}$ seeps in warm-temperate {Japan}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {0289-0003},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/zoological-science/volume-39/issue-1/zs210061/Decreased-Diversity-and-Abundance-of-Marine-Invertebrates-at-CO2-Seeps/10.2108/zs210061.full},
	doi = {10.2108/zs210061},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-02-02},
	journal = {Zoological Science},
	author = {Hall-Spencer, Jason M. and Belfiore, Giuseppe and Tomatsuri, Morihiko and Porzio, Lucia and Harvey, Ben P. and Agostini, Sylvain and Kon, Koetsu},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {41--51},
}

@article{harvey_predicting_2022,
	title = {Predicting responses to marine heatwaves using functional traits},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {01695347},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534721002500},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2021.09.003},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-12-21},
	journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Harvey, Ben P. and Marshall, Katie E. and Harley, Christopher D.G. and Russell, Bayden D.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {climate change, marine heatwaves, trait-based ecology},
	pages = {20--29},
}

@article{heitzman_recurrent_2022,
	title = {Recurrent disease outbreak in a warm temperate marginal coral community},
	volume = {182},
	issn = {0025326X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025326X22006361},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113954},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2022-08-01},
	journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	author = {Heitzman, Joshua M. and Caputo, Nicolè and Yang, Sung-Yin and Harvey, Ben P. and Agostini, Sylvain},
	month = sep,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {113954},
}

@article{kerfahi_whole_2022,
	title = {Whole community and functional gene changes of biofilms on marine plastic debris in response to ocean acidification},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {0095-3628, 1432-184X},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00248-022-01987-w},
	doi = {10.1007/s00248-022-01987-w},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2023-03-09},
	journal = {Microbial Ecology},
	author = {Kerfahi, Dorsaf and Harvey, Ben P. and Kim, Hyoki and Yang, Ying and Adams, Jonathan M. and Hall-Spencer, Jason M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {1202--1214},
}

@article{agostini_simplification_2021,
	title = {Simplification, not “tropicalization”, of temperate marine ecosystems under ocean warming and acidification},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1354-1013, 1365-2486},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15749},
	doi = {10.1111/gcb.15749},
	language = {en},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2021-12-21},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Agostini, Sylvain and Harvey, Ben P. and Milazzo, Marco and Wada, Shigeki and Kon, Koetsu and Floc’h, Nicolas and Komatsu, Kosei and Kuroyama, Mayumi and Hall‐Spencer, Jason M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {biogeography, climate change, kelp forests, natural analogues, range shift, scleractinian corals, warm-temperate},
	pages = {4771--4784},
}

@article{agostini_greater_2021,
	title = {Greater mitochondrial energy production provides resistance to ocean acidification in “{Winning}” hermatypic corals},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.600836/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.600836},
	abstract = {Coral communities around the world are projected to be negatively affected by ocean acidification. Not all coral species will respond in the same manner to rising CO
              2
              levels. Evidence from naturally acidified areas such as CO
              2
              seeps have shown that although a few species are resistant to elevated CO
              2
              , most lack sufficient resistance resulting in their decline. This has led to the simple grouping of coral species into “winners” and “losers,” but the physiological traits supporting this ecological assessment are yet to be fully understood. Here using CO
              2
              seeps, in two biogeographically distinct regions, we investigated whether physiological traits related to energy production [mitochondrial electron transport systems (ETSAs) activities] and biomass (protein contents) differed between winning and losing species in order to identify possible physiological traits of resistance to ocean acidification and whether they can be acquired during short-term transplantations. We show that winning species had a lower biomass (protein contents per coral surface area) resulting in a higher potential for energy production (biomass specific ETSA: ETSA per protein contents) compared to losing species. We hypothesize that winning species inherently allocate more energy toward inorganic growth (calcification) compared to somatic (tissue) growth. In contrast, we found that losing species that show a higher biomass under reference
              p
              CO
              2
              experienced a loss in biomass and variable response in area-specific ETSA that did not translate in an increase in biomass-specific ETSA following either short-term (4–5 months) or even life-long acclimation to elevated
              p
              CO
              2
              conditions. Our results suggest that resistance to ocean acidification in corals may not be acquired within a single generation or through the selection of physiologically resistant individuals. This reinforces current evidence suggesting that ocean acidification will reshape coral communities around the world, selecting species that have an inherent resistance to elevated
              p
              CO
              2
              .},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	author = {Agostini, Sylvain and Houlbrèque, Fanny and Biscéré, Tom and Harvey, Ben P. and Heitzman, Joshua M. and Takimoto, Risa and Yamazaki, Wataru and Milazzo, Marco and Rodolfo-Metalpa, Riccardo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {600836},
}

Coral communities around the world are projected to be negatively affected by ocean acidification. Not all coral species will respond in the same manner to rising CO 2 levels. Evidence from naturally acidified areas such as CO 2 seeps have shown that although a few species are resistant to elevated CO 2 , most lack sufficient resistance resulting in their decline. This has led to the simple grouping of coral species into “winners” and “losers,” but the physiological traits supporting this ecological assessment are yet to be fully understood. Here using CO 2 seeps, in two biogeographically distinct regions, we investigated whether physiological traits related to energy production [mitochondrial electron transport systems (ETSAs) activities] and biomass (protein contents) differed between winning and losing species in order to identify possible physiological traits of resistance to ocean acidification and whether they can be acquired during short-term transplantations. We show that winning species had a lower biomass (protein contents per coral surface area) resulting in a higher potential for energy production (biomass specific ETSA: ETSA per protein contents) compared to losing species. We hypothesize that winning species inherently allocate more energy toward inorganic growth (calcification) compared to somatic (tissue) growth. In contrast, we found that losing species that show a higher biomass under reference p CO 2 experienced a loss in biomass and variable response in area-specific ETSA that did not translate in an increase in biomass-specific ETSA following either short-term (4–5 months) or even life-long acclimation to elevated p CO 2 conditions. Our results suggest that resistance to ocean acidification in corals may not be acquired within a single generation or through the selection of physiologically resistant individuals. This reinforces current evidence suggesting that ocean acidification will reshape coral communities around the world, selecting species that have an inherent resistance to elevated p CO 2 .

@article{allen_species_2021,
	title = {Species turnover underpins the effect of elevated {CO}$_{\textrm{2}}$ on biofilm communities through early succession},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {26669005},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666900521000174},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecochg.2021.100017},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Climate Change Ecology},
	author = {Allen, Ro J. and Summerfield, Tina C. and Harvey, Ben P. and Agostini, Sylvain and Rastrick, Samuel P.S. and Hall-Spencer, Jason M. and Hoffmann, Linn J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {100017},
}

@article{harvey_feedback_2021,
	title = {Feedback mechanisms stabilise degraded turf algal systems at a {CO}$_{\textrm{2}}$ seep site},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2399-3642},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-01712-2},
	doi = {10.1038/s42003-021-01712-2},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Human activities are rapidly changing the structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems. Large-scale replacement of kelp forests and coral reefs with turf algal mats is resulting in homogenous habitats that have less ecological and human value. Ocean acidification has strong potential to substantially favour turf algae growth, which led us to examine the mechanisms that stabilise turf algal states. Here we show that ocean acidification promotes turf algae over corals and macroalgae, mediating new habitat conditions that create stabilising feedback loops (altered physicochemical environment and microbial community, and an inhibition of recruitment) capable of locking turf systems in place. Such feedbacks help explain why degraded coastal habitats persist after being initially pushed past the tipping point by global and local anthropogenic stressors. An understanding of the mechanisms that stabilise degraded coastal habitats can be incorporated into adaptive management to better protect the contribution of coastal systems to human wellbeing.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Communications Biology},
	author = {Harvey, Ben P. and Allen, Ro and Agostini, Sylvain and Hoffmann, Linn J. and Kon, Koetsu and Summerfield, Tina C. and Wada, Shigeki and Hall-Spencer, Jason M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {219},
}

Abstract Human activities are rapidly changing the structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems. Large-scale replacement of kelp forests and coral reefs with turf algal mats is resulting in homogenous habitats that have less ecological and human value. Ocean acidification has strong potential to substantially favour turf algae growth, which led us to examine the mechanisms that stabilise turf algal states. Here we show that ocean acidification promotes turf algae over corals and macroalgae, mediating new habitat conditions that create stabilising feedback loops (altered physicochemical environment and microbial community, and an inhibition of recruitment) capable of locking turf systems in place. Such feedbacks help explain why degraded coastal habitats persist after being initially pushed past the tipping point by global and local anthropogenic stressors. An understanding of the mechanisms that stabilise degraded coastal habitats can be incorporated into adaptive management to better protect the contribution of coastal systems to human wellbeing.

@article{harvey_ocean_2021,
	title = {Ocean acidification locks algal communities in a species‐poor early successional stage},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1354-1013, 1365-2486},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15455},
	doi = {10.1111/gcb.15455},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Harvey, Ben P. and Kon, Koetsu and Agostini, Sylvain and Wada, Shigeki and Hall‐Spencer, Jason M.},
	month = may,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2174--2187},
}

@article{leung_editorial_2021,
	title = {Editorial: {Fitness} of {Marine} {Calcifiers} in the {Future} {Acidifying} {Ocean}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	shorttitle = {Editorial},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.752635/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2021.752635},
	urldate = {2021-12-21},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	author = {Leung, Jonathan Y. S. and Harvey, Ben P. and Russell, Bayden D.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {752635},
}

@article{pena_major_2021,
	title = {Major loss of coralline algal diversity in response to ocean acidification},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1354-1013, 1365-2486},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15757},
	doi = {10.1111/gcb.15757},
	language = {en},
	number = {19},
	urldate = {2021-12-21},
	journal = {Global Change Biology},
	author = {Peña, Viviana and Harvey, Ben P. and Agostini, Sylvain and Porzio, Lucia and Milazzo, Marco and Horta, Paulo and Le Gall, Line and Hall‐Spencer, Jason M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {4785--4798},
}

@article{sasakura_institute_2021,
	title = {Institute {Profile}: {Shimoda} {Marine} {Research} {Center}, {University} of {Tsukuba}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1539-607X, 1539-6088},
	shorttitle = {Institute {Profile}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lob.10457},
	doi = {10.1002/lob.10457},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-12-21},
	journal = {Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin},
	author = {Sasakura, Yasunori and Harvey, Ben P.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {116--118},
}

@article{wada_ocean_2021,
	title = {Ocean acidification increases phytobenthic carbon fixation and export in a warm-temperate system},
	volume = {250},
	issn = {02727714},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272771420308441},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecss.2020.107113},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science},
	author = {Wada, Shigeki and Agostini, Sylvain and Harvey, Ben P. and Omori, Yuko and Hall-Spencer, Jason M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {107113},
}

@article{cattano_changes_2020,
	title = {Changes in fish communities due to benthic habitat shifts under ocean acidification conditions},
	volume = {725},
	issn = {00489697},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969720320143},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138501},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
	author = {Cattano, Carlo and Agostini, Sylvain and Harvey, Ben P. and Wada, Shigeki and Quattrocchi, Federico and Turco, Gabriele and Inaba, Kazuo and Hall-Spencer, Jason M. and Milazzo, Marco},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {138501},
}

@article{harvey_ocean_2020,
	title = {Ocean acidification alters bacterial communities on marine plastic debris},
	volume = {161},
	issn = {0025326X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025326X20308675},
	doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111749},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
	author = {Harvey, Ben P. and Kerfahi, Dorsaf and Jung, YeonGyun and Shin, Jae-Ho and Adams, Jonathan M. and Hall-Spencer, Jason M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {111749},
}

@article{kerfahi_responses_2020,
	title = {Responses of {Intertidal} {Bacterial} {Biofilm} {Communities} to {Increasing} {pCO}$_{\textrm{2}}$},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1436-2228, 1436-2236},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10126-020-09958-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s10126-020-09958-3},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Marine Biotechnology},
	author = {Kerfahi, Dorsaf and Harvey, Ben P. and Agostini, Sylvain and Kon, Koetsu and Huang, Ruiping and Adams, Jonathan M. and Hall-Spencer, Jason M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {727--738},
}

@incollection{hawkins_chapter_2019,
	title = {Chapter 2 {Established} and {Emerging} {Techniques} for {Characterising} the {Formation}, {Structure} and {Performance} of {Calcified} {Structures} under {Ocean} {Acidification}},
	volume = {57},
	isbn = {978-0-429-02637-9 978-0-429-64356-9 978-0-429-63722-3 978-0-429-64039-1},
	url = {https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5845866},
	abstract = {Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review remains one of the most cited sources in marine science and oceanography. The ever increasing interest in work in oceanography and marine biology and its relevance to global environmental issues, especially global climate change and its impacts, creates a demand for authoritative reviews summarizing the results of recent research. This volume covers topics that include resting cysts from coastal marine plankton, facilitation cascades in marine ecosystems, and the way that human activities are rapidly altering the sensory landscape and behaviour of marine animals. Guidelines for contributors, including information on illustration requirements, can be downloaded on the Downloads/Updates tab on the books webpage. For more than 50 years, OMBAR has been an essential reference for research workers and students in all fields of marine science. From Volume 57 a new international Editorial Board ensures global relevance, with editors from the UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and Singapore. The series volumes find a place in the libraries of not only marine laboratories and institutes, but also universities.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	booktitle = {Oceanography and marine biology: an annual review},
	author = {Fitzer, Susan C. and Chan, Vera Bin San and Meng, Yuan and Rajan, Kanmani Chandra and Suzuki, Michio and Not, Christelle and Toyofuku, Takashi and Falkenberg, Laura and Byrne, Maria and Harvey, Ben P. and Wit, Pierre de and Cusack, Maggie and Gao, K. S. and Taylor, Paul and Dupont, Sam and Hall-Spencer, Jason M. and Thiyagarajan, V.},
	editor = {Hawkins, S. J and Allcock, A. L and Bates, A. E and Firth, L. B and Smith, I. P and Swearer, S. E and Todd, P. A},
	year = {2019},
	note = {OCLC: 1111577170},
}

Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review remains one of the most cited sources in marine science and oceanography. The ever increasing interest in work in oceanography and marine biology and its relevance to global environmental issues, especially global climate change and its impacts, creates a demand for authoritative reviews summarizing the results of recent research. This volume covers topics that include resting cysts from coastal marine plankton, facilitation cascades in marine ecosystems, and the way that human activities are rapidly altering the sensory landscape and behaviour of marine animals. Guidelines for contributors, including information on illustration requirements, can be downloaded on the Downloads/Updates tab on the books webpage. For more than 50 years, OMBAR has been an essential reference for research workers and students in all fields of marine science. From Volume 57 a new international Editorial Board ensures global relevance, with editors from the UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and Singapore. The series volumes find a place in the libraries of not only marine laboratories and institutes, but also universities.

@article{osborn_ocean_2019,
	title = {Ocean acidification impacts on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat degradation},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2397-8554, 2397-8562},
	url = {https://portlandpress.com/emergtoplifesci/article/3/2/197/219721/Ocean-acidification-impacts-on-coastal-ecosystem},
	doi = {10.1042/ETLS20180117},
	abstract = {Abstract
            The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions is changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification. The chemistry of this rapid change in surface waters is well understood and readily detectable in oceanic observations, yet there is uncertainty about the effects of ocean acidification on society since it is difficult to scale-up from laboratory and mesocosm tests. Here, we provide a synthesis of the likely effects of ocean acidification on ecosystem properties, functions and services based on observations along natural gradients in pCO2. Studies at CO2 seeps worldwide show that biogenic habitats are particularly sensitive to ocean acidification and that their degradation results in less coastal protection and less habitat provisioning for fisheries. The risks to marine goods and services amplify with increasing acidification causing shifts to macroalgal dominance, habitat degradation and a loss of biodiversity at seep sites in the tropics, the sub-tropics and on temperate coasts. Based on this empirical evidence, we expect ocean acidification to have serious consequences for the millions of people who are dependent on coastal protection, fisheries and aquaculture. If humanity is able to make cuts in fossil fuel emissions, this will reduce costs to society and avoid the changes in coastal ecosystems seen in areas with projected pCO2 levels. A binding international agreement for the oceans should build on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal to ‘minimise and address the impacts of ocean acidification’.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Emerging Topics in Life Sciences},
	author = {Hall-Spencer, Jason M. and Harvey, Ben P.},
	editor = {Osborn, Dan},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {197--206},
}

Abstract The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions is changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification. The chemistry of this rapid change in surface waters is well understood and readily detectable in oceanic observations, yet there is uncertainty about the effects of ocean acidification on society since it is difficult to scale-up from laboratory and mesocosm tests. Here, we provide a synthesis of the likely effects of ocean acidification on ecosystem properties, functions and services based on observations along natural gradients in pCO2. Studies at CO2 seeps worldwide show that biogenic habitats are particularly sensitive to ocean acidification and that their degradation results in less coastal protection and less habitat provisioning for fisheries. The risks to marine goods and services amplify with increasing acidification causing shifts to macroalgal dominance, habitat degradation and a loss of biodiversity at seep sites in the tropics, the sub-tropics and on temperate coasts. Based on this empirical evidence, we expect ocean acidification to have serious consequences for the millions of people who are dependent on coastal protection, fisheries and aquaculture. If humanity is able to make cuts in fossil fuel emissions, this will reduce costs to society and avoid the changes in coastal ecosystems seen in areas with projected pCO2 levels. A binding international agreement for the oceans should build on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal to ‘minimise and address the impacts of ocean acidification’.

@article{harvey_diatoms_2019,
	title = {Diatoms {Dominate} and {Alter} {Marine} {Food}-{Webs} {When} {CO}$_{\textrm{2}}$ {Rises}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1424-2818},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/11/12/242},
	doi = {10.3390/d11120242},
	abstract = {Diatoms are so important in ocean food-webs that any human induced changes in their abundance could have major effects on the ecology of our seas. The large chain-forming diatom Biddulphia biddulphiana greatly increases in abundance as pCO2 increases along natural seawater CO2 gradients in the north Pacific Ocean. In areas with reference levels of pCO2, it was hard to find, but as seawater carbon dioxide levels rose, it replaced seaweeds and became the main habitat-forming species on the seabed. This diatom algal turf supported a marine invertebrate community that was much less diverse and completely differed from the benthic communities found at present-day levels of pCO2. Seawater CO2 enrichment stimulated the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of benthic diatoms, but reduced the abundance of calcified grazers such as gastropods and sea urchins. These observations suggest that ocean acidification will shift photic zone community composition so that coastal food-web structure and ecosystem function are homogenised, simplified, and more strongly affected by seasonal algal blooms.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Diversity},
	author = {Harvey, Ben P. and Agostini, Sylvain and Kon, Koetsu and Wada, Shigeki and Hall-Spencer, Jason M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {242},
}

Diatoms are so important in ocean food-webs that any human induced changes in their abundance could have major effects on the ecology of our seas. The large chain-forming diatom Biddulphia biddulphiana greatly increases in abundance as pCO2 increases along natural seawater CO2 gradients in the north Pacific Ocean. In areas with reference levels of pCO2, it was hard to find, but as seawater carbon dioxide levels rose, it replaced seaweeds and became the main habitat-forming species on the seabed. This diatom algal turf supported a marine invertebrate community that was much less diverse and completely differed from the benthic communities found at present-day levels of pCO2. Seawater CO2 enrichment stimulated the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of benthic diatoms, but reduced the abundance of calcified grazers such as gastropods and sea urchins. These observations suggest that ocean acidification will shift photic zone community composition so that coastal food-web structure and ecosystem function are homogenised, simplified, and more strongly affected by seasonal algal blooms.

@article{hirano_influence_2019,
	title = {The influence of {CO}$_{\textrm{2}}$ seeps to coastal environments of {Shikine} {Island} in {Japan} as indicated by geochemistry analyses of seafloor sediments},
	volume = {16},
	copyright = {All rights reserved},
	url = {/node/1409},
	language = {en},
	number = {58},
	urldate = {2019-02-27},
	journal = {International Journal of GEOMATE},
	author = {Hirano, Hirosuke and Kon, Koetsu and Yoshida, Masa-aki and Harvey, Ben P. and Setiamarga, Davin H. E.},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {82--89},
}

@article{smale_marine_2019,
	title = {Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1758-678X, 1758-6798},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1},
	doi = {10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Nature Climate Change},
	author = {Smale, Dan A. and Wernberg, Thomas and Oliver, Eric C. J. and Thomsen, Mads and Harvey, Ben P. and Straub, Sandra C. and Burrows, Michael T. and Alexander, Lisa V. and Benthuysen, Jessica A. and Donat, Markus G. and Feng, Ming and Hobday, Alistair J. and Holbrook, Neil J. and Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E. and Scannell, Hillary A. and Sen Gupta, Alex and Payne, Ben L. and Moore, Pippa J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {306--312},
}

@article{straub_resistance_2019,
	title = {Resistance, {Extinction}, and {Everything} in {Between} – {The} {Diverse} {Responses} of {Seaweeds} to {Marine} {Heatwaves}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00763/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00763},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	author = {Straub, Sandra C. and Wernberg, Thomas and Thomsen, Mads S. and Moore, Pippa J. and Burrows, Michael T. and Harvey, Ben P. and Smale, Dan A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {763},
}

@article{witkowski_validation_2019,
	title = {Validation of carbon isotope fractionation in algal lipids as a \textit{p}{CO}$_{\textrm{2}}$ proxy using a natural {CO}$_{\textrm{2}}$ seep ({Shikine} {Island}, {Japan})},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1726-4189},
	url = {https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/16/4451/2019/},
	doi = {10.5194/bg-16-4451-2019},
	abstract = {Abstract. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere play an
integral role in many Earth system dynamics, including its influence on
global temperature. The past can provide insights into these dynamics, but
unfortunately reconstructing long-term trends of atmospheric carbon dioxide
(expressed in partial pressure; pCO2) remains a challenge in
paleoclimatology. One promising approach for reconstructing past pCO2
utilizes the isotopic fractionation associated with CO2 fixation during
photosynthesis into organic matter (εp). Previous studies have focused
primarily on testing estimates of εp derived from the δ13C
of species-specific alkenone compounds in laboratory cultures and mesocosm
experiments. Here, we analyze εp derived from the δ13C of
more general algal biomarkers, i.e., compounds derived from a multitude of
species from sites near a CO2 seep off the coast of Shikine Island
(Japan), a natural environment with CO2 concentrations ranging from
ambient (ca. 310 µatm) to elevated (ca. 770 µatm) pCO2. We observed
strong, consistent δ13C shifts in several algal biomarkers from
a variety of sample matrices over the steep CO2 gradient. Of the three
general algal biomarkers explored here, namely loliolide, phytol, and
cholesterol, εp positively correlates with pCO2, in agreement with
εp theory and previous culture studies. pCO2 reconstructed from the
εp of general algal biomarkers show the same trends throughout, as well
as the correct control values, but with lower absolute reconstructed values
than the measured values at the elevated pCO2 sites. Our results show
that naturally occurring CO2 seeps may provide useful testing grounds
for pCO2 proxies and that general algal biomarkers show promise for
reconstructing past pCO2.},
	language = {en},
	number = {22},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Biogeosciences},
	author = {Witkowski, Caitlyn R. and Agostini, Sylvain and Harvey, Ben P. and van der Meer, Marcel T. J. and Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S. and Schouten, Stefan},
	month = nov,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {4451--4461},
}

Abstract. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere play an integral role in many Earth system dynamics, including its influence on global temperature. The past can provide insights into these dynamics, but unfortunately reconstructing long-term trends of atmospheric carbon dioxide (expressed in partial pressure; pCO2) remains a challenge in paleoclimatology. One promising approach for reconstructing past pCO2 utilizes the isotopic fractionation associated with CO2 fixation during photosynthesis into organic matter (εp). Previous studies have focused primarily on testing estimates of εp derived from the δ13C of species-specific alkenone compounds in laboratory cultures and mesocosm experiments. Here, we analyze εp derived from the δ13C of more general algal biomarkers, i.e., compounds derived from a multitude of species from sites near a CO2 seep off the coast of Shikine Island (Japan), a natural environment with CO2 concentrations ranging from ambient (ca. 310 µatm) to elevated (ca. 770 µatm) pCO2. We observed strong, consistent δ13C shifts in several algal biomarkers from a variety of sample matrices over the steep CO2 gradient. Of the three general algal biomarkers explored here, namely loliolide, phytol, and cholesterol, εp positively correlates with pCO2, in agreement with εp theory and previous culture studies. pCO2 reconstructed from the εp of general algal biomarkers show the same trends throughout, as well as the correct control values, but with lower absolute reconstructed values than the measured values at the elevated pCO2 sites. Our results show that naturally occurring CO2 seeps may provide useful testing grounds for pCO2 proxies and that general algal biomarkers show promise for reconstructing past pCO2.

@article{agostini_ocean_2018,
	title = {Ocean acidification drives community shifts towards simplified non-calcified habitats in a subtropical−temperate transition zone},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-29251-7},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-29251-7},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Agostini, Sylvain and Harvey, Ben P. and Wada, Shigeki and Kon, Koetsu and Milazzo, Marco and Inaba, Kazuo and Hall-Spencer, Jason M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {11354},
}

@article{harvey_dissolution_2018,
	title = {Dissolution: {The} {Achilles}’ {Heel} of the {Triton} {Shell} in an {Acidifying} {Ocean}},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	shorttitle = {Dissolution},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2018.00371/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2018.00371},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
	author = {Harvey, Ben P. and Agostini, Sylvain and Wada, Shigeki and Inaba, Kazuo and Hall-Spencer, Jason M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {371},
}

@article{harvey_ocean_2017,
	title = {Ocean warming and acidification prevent compensatory response in a predator to reduced prey quality},
	volume = {563},
	issn = {0171-8630, 1616-1599},
	url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v563/p111-122/},
	doi = {10.3354/meps11956},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-27},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	author = {Harvey, Ben P. and Moore, Pippa J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Zotero Import (Oct 25), Zotero Import (Oct 25)/My Library, Zotero Import (Oct 25)/My Library/My EndNote Library},
	pages = {111--122},
}